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The History of Oppression of Jews
The Jews were oppressed all throughout history, because of their faith. The Babylonians and the Romans attacked their lands, but they preserved their identity. The Christians tossed them around throughout Europe and deprived them of equal rights. The Muslims did not really attack the Jews for being different, but they still thought they were stupid, and the attacks were due to violation of peaceful treaties. Jews and Arabs went along fairly well whenever peace treaties were followed, and they didn't have to follow Islam. Muslims paid Zakaat and Jews paid Jizya as taxes, so they both went along fairly well. Later on Muslims only became less secular due to threats from non-Muslims such as Europeans.
Jews are still very scared of the rise of Antisemitism.
Zakaat was given to the poor, but Jizya was given to the state. The definition wasn't clear in the Quran, so they used Hadith for it. Even poor people had to pay Jizya, but sick and disabled people, etc. didn't have to. But the point was, Jizya was still better than forced conversion or extermination as happened in Europe. Well, this is just normal tax collected in every state.
Nowadays, it's the same tax, but Zakaat still remains the offering of the Muslims in the name of Allah, which others just pay it to the state.
Non-Muslims didn't have to fight for Muslim religious wars. So this tax was held to support those who protected them.
About Zakaat: https://en.wikishia.net/view/Zakat
From Quora:
Elon Musk would pay $1000 in Jizya in the most expensive caliphates I could find.
Elon Musk, if he were Muslim, would end up paying a wealth tax that would be $7.9 Billion. Unless Iโve misplaced a zero somewhere, I think thatโs 790 million percent more.
Muslims also have to pay a yearly tax called Zakat. Zakat is even binding on property and jewellery. Zakat should also be paid in the form of food as well. The Jizya is not binding on the property of the Christians and Jews.Abu Bakr fought against the Muslims who didn't pay Zakat so it doesnโt seem to discriminate against the Christians and Jews.
If they go against the Islamic rule and government they deserve to be punished. What else was Abu Bakr supposed to do? In America if someone does not pay their taxes they can go to jail. Does that make America unjust? In China they kill tax evaders:
https://www.irishtimes.com/news/7-face-execution-for-chinese-tax-fraud-1.286850Zakah is one of the 5 pillars of Islam and it is compulsory on everyone. It is compulsory even on the non-Muslim, this is called Jizya. Jizya does not degrade the non-Muslim people, it actually brings equality.
The Jizya is a tax levied on non-Muslims in lieu of military service which is compulsory for Muslims but not for non-Muslims. The Non-Muslims paying Jizya were exempt from compulsory military service in a Muslim State but were entitled to full protection.
- Religious (Jew as Christ-killer),
- Economic (Jew as banker, usurer, money-obsessed),
- Social (Jew as socially inferior, "pushy", vulgar, therefore excluded from personal contact),
- Racist (Jews as an inferior "race", resulting in Holocaust),
- Ideological (Jews regarded as subversive or revolutionary, for following rituals like Shabbath),
- Cultural (Jews regarded as undermining the moral and structural fiber of civilization).
Lehi was a Zionist organization established in 1940, who referred to its members as terrorists. They wanted to get rid of British occupation and establish a Jewish state. Upon establishment of Israel, they disbanded and formed the IDF.
Lehi's definition of terrorism explicitly referred to terrorism against the representatives and not the civilians in their article.
Lehi had three main goals:
- To bring together all those interested in liberation (that is, those willing to join in active fighting against the British).
- To appear before the world as the only active Jewish military organization.
- To take over Eretz Yisra'El (the Land of Israel) by armed force.
Lehi believed in its early years that its goals would be achieved by finding a strong international ally that would expel the British from Palestine, in return for Jewish military help; this would require the creation of a broad and organised military force "demonstrating its desire for freedom through military operations."
Lehi also referred to themselves as 'terrorists' and may have been one of the last organizations to do so.
An article titled "Terror" in the Lehi underground newspaper He Khazit (The Front) argued as follows:
Neither Jewish ethics nor Jewish tradition can disqualify terrorism as a means of combat. We are very far from having any moral qualms as far as our national war goes. We have before us the command of the Torah, whose morality surpasses that of any other body of laws in the world: "Ye shall blot them out to the last man."
But first and foremost, terrorism is for us a part of the political battle being conducted under the present circumstances, and it has a great part to play: speaking in a clear voice to the whole world, as well as to our wretched brethren outside this land, it proclaims our war against the occupier.
We are particularly far from this sort of hesitation in regard to an enemy whose moral perversion is admitted by all.
The article described the goals of terror:
- It demonstrates ... against the true terrorist who hides behind his piles of papers and the laws he has legislated.
- It is not directed against people, it is directed against representatives. Therefore it is effective.
- If it also shakes the Yishuv from their complacency, good and well
Pre-Christian Roman Empire
- Tiberius forbade Judaism in Rome
- After the Jewish Roman wars, Hadrian renamed Judea to Syria Palaestina and Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina to erase the history of the Jewish religion
- After 70, Jews and Jewish proselytes were only allowed to practice their religion if they paid the Jewish Tax
- After 135, they were banned from entering Aelia Capitolina except for the day of Tisha B'Av
Rise of Christianity in Roman Empire
- Until Constantine's time, for a while Christians were persecuted more for trying to start a new religion, and for their criticism of the Gods that the Romans believed to have blessed their city, stating "all the gods of the heathens are devils."
- Christians, unlike Jews didn't contain themselves to a single state, and wanted to convert other people
- 137 AD: Christians started blaming all Jews for all time, for deicide of Jesus
- Christianity became to official religion of Rome
- 438 AD: Codex Theodosianus barred Jews from civil service, army and legal profession. Jewish Patriarchate was abolished and the scope of Jewish courts were restricted. Synagogues were confiscated and old synagogues could only be repaired if they were in the danger of collapsing. Synagogues either fell into ruin, were destroyed, or converted to churches.
Rise of Islam
- The series of conflicts addressed in the Quran - with Banu Nadir, Banu Qaynuqa and Banu Qurayza
- 628 AD: After the Battle of Trench, there were still some conflicts, most notable being the Battle of Khaybar. The Banu Nadir members, who claimed to be the descendants of Aaron, moved to Khaybar after their expulsion from Medina city in 625. There they had firearms and weapons, and were plotting to attack the Muslims again.
- After the conflict, they remained peacefully in the Oasis, but later the Caliph Umar expelled them in 642 AD to the newly conquered regions of Syria and Iraq, claiming that Mohammed before his death said that the two religions cannot exist together in the Hejaz.
Protection and Persecution under Islam
- From the 9th century onwards, the medieval Islamic world imposed "dhimmi" or "protected" status on Christian and Jewish minorities. Nevertheless, Jews were granted more freedom to practise their religion in the Muslim world than they were in Christian Europe.
- Jewish communities in Spain thrived under tolerant Muslim rule during the Spanish Golden Age and Cordova became a centre of Jewish culture.
- This period was called golden age of Jewish culture in Spain, and it started from the Muslim conquest of Iberia in 711 by the Ummayad Caliphate, and further in 912, during the rule of Abd al-Rahman II and the establishment of the Caliphate of Cordova.
- All the following incidents were under the Almoravid Dynasty / Almohad Caliphate in North Africa
- When Almoravids entered North Africa, they started pogroms against the Jews of Cordova in 1011 and Granada massacre in 1066. Later by 1147 they formed the Almohad Caliphate formed and started treating the dhimmis harshly.
- Faced with death or conversion, many fled. Some went to more tolerant Muslim nations, while others went northward to growing Christian kingdoms.
- Destruction of Synagogues were ordered in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Yemen in the Middle Ages.
- 6,000 Jews were killed by a Muslim mob during the 1033 Fez (Morocco) massacre.
- Massacres in Marrakesh (Morocco) in 1146 and 1232
- In 1244, the Marinid Sultanate overthrew the Almohad Caliphate
- Fez (Morocco) massacre of 1276
- 1465 Moroccan revolution in Fez
- Again, massacre of Moroccan Jews
- End of Marinid Dynasty, and establishment of Wattasid Dynasty
- Arguments from the Jewish Virtual Library: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-treatment-of-jews-in-arab-islamic-countries
- More notes about pogroms on Jews by Berber Muslims: https://www.quora.com/Why-did-so-many-Muslims-commit-pogroms-on-Jews-throughout-history/answer/Oleg-Zachary-Kis
- Virtually all of the pogroms and massacres that took place prior to the early 1900s when the Zionist agenda became activated were done in the context of Muslim vs. Muslim and Muslim vs. French colonialist conflicts in which the Jews, rightly or wrongly, were perceived as having chosen to favor the wrong side in those conflicts.
- The sacks of Cordoba took place in the context of Berber vs. Umayyad conflict in which the Berbers massacred many non-Jews too.
- The First Fitna happened starting during the third caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, where the caliph Uthman was accused of nepotism and killed by rebels. After him, Ali was elected as the caliph by the rebels.
- Ali was non-violent, but since the rebels elected him, he was seen as an accomplice in the murder of Uthman by some. Ali also lost support when he arbitrated with Mu'awiya instead of defeating him, when he chose to plead in the name of Quran, which others said was a deceptive move. By Islam, the judgement had to be left to God, but Ali took matters into his own hands.
- Ayisha (wife of Mohammed at 6), Talha and Zubayr revolted against Ali to depose him. In the Battle of Camel, they were defeated, and Ayisha was not killed, and pardoned, but blamed for the loss of life. She herself felt bad about it afterwards.
- These rebels were Kharijites (the leavers, of caliph Ali), who later formed into a non-activist Ibadiyya. Sunnis believe the caliphs should be from Qurayshite descent, Shi'ias believe the Imams should be descendants of Ali, and Ibadis believe anyone can be a leader, and they need not rule the entire Islamic world.
- Mu'awiya ibn Abu Sufiyan, the governor of Syria fought Ali. The first Kharijites were original supporters of Ali who rebelled against his acceptance of arbitration talks to settle the conflict with Mu'awiya at the Battle of Siffin. They asserted that "judgement belongs to God alone". They were defeated in the Battle of Nahrawan in 658. Ali was assassinated later in 661 by a Kharijite member.
- The Ummayyad Caliphate was formed in 661 by Mu'awiya, and he kept the Kharijites in check. The Kharijite revolts continued into the the Abbasid period, but the militant groups were later eliminated, and were replaced by the non-activist Ibadiyya. Ibadis live in Oman and some parts of North Africa, and they condemn Kharijites as extremists.
- Later, the Kharijite Revolt, or the Berber Revolt took place during the 10th Ummayad caliph.
- The Berbers were taxed heavily by the Umayyad military caste, contrary to Islamic law. So many Berbers grew receptive to puritan Kharijite activists.
- More, related (General history of Jewish oppression): https://www.quora.com/Why-have-the-Jews-been-persecuted-throughout-history/answer/David-Bledsoe?no_redirect=1
- King Mohammed V of Morocco didn't hand over the Jews to the Germans, calling them their citizens
- When Portugese massacred Jews in Kerala, as a continuation of their genocide of Jews in Iberia, the Muslims of Kerala (Mappila) protected them by making them dress like them so the Portugese won't identify them - https://www.quora.com/Did-Muslims-protect-the-Jewish-people/answer/Arun-Mohan-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BA-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%BB
- Tipu Sultan destroyed some Synagogues in Kerala.
The Middle Ages
The Crusades
- They started with the goal of recapturing Jerusalem
- First Crusade
- It was accompanied by the People's Crusade against the Jews in Germany, France and England
- 1096: Rhineland Massacres killed about 2000 Jews
- They massacred the Jews of Rhineland instead of attacking the Jews
- Siege of Jerusalem, where Muslims and Jews fought side by side to defend the city
- They Jews decided to prepare for their death inside the synagogue
- They (Franks) surrounded and burned down the synagogue over their heads
- The captured Jews from Al-Aqsa's Dome of The Rock and the native Christians were made to clean up the slain
- Some were taken as PoW, but many of them were beheaded or thrown into the sea en-route
- Some Jews were rescued by the Karaite Jews of Ashkelon with help from their people in Alexandria
- Many Jews viewed the deaths of Rhineland Jews as a sacrifice
- They started having suicidal thoughts, which were sins, but were honourable in the face of a larger enemy
- They killed their children because it was better to die innocent than convert. This was what would've led to blood libel accusations later on.
- The Catholic Church condemned the massacres, and gave protection to the Jews, but only if they didn't threaten Christianity and remained submissive to their rule.
- Second Crusade
- Jewish money was used for financing the crusade, and Jews were attacked too, but not on the scale of Rhineland
Persecution in England, France and Holy Roman Empire
- Christians accused the Jews of blood libels (drinking the blood of Christians) to mock the Last Supper and having superpowers by making deals with the devil.
- 1349: The Jews were accused of poisoning the wells and causing Black Death, and one of them was coerced into confessing that they did it, and all Jews of Strasbourg, France were burned alive on 14 Feb.
- The Roman Empire largely condemned persecution, but they weren't able to prevent it much.
- Many Jews moved to Poland, Lithuania and Hungary, where the rulers were often receptive to Jewish settlement
Early Modern Period
- Martin Luther King started the Protestant reformation and criticized the Jews harshly, but later on said that Jews should be treated with Christian love, so that they may receive the Lord
- The disappearance and death of a boy named Simon of Trent was blamed on the Jews, which fueled antisemitism at the time. He was mutilated and his blood was drained.
17th Century
18th Century (Age of Enlightenment)
- The age of enlightenment saw the dismantling of archaic, corporate and hierarchical forms of society in favour of individual equality of citizens before the law
- How this would affect the previously autonomous, but subordinated Jews became known as the Jewish Question
- Enhanced civil rights were gradually extended to the Jews, but only on the condition that they abandon many aspects of their previous identity to fit in with the rest of society
19th Century
Catholic counter-revolution
Germany
France
Switzerland
United States
Russia
The Muslim world
20th Century
Russia
France
Nazism and the Holocaust
United States
Eastern Europe after World War II
United States after World War II
The Muslim world
- Tsar Alexander III of Russia hated the Jews, because he believed they had a role in his father's murder
- Jews were allowed reside to the west of Pale of Settlement, but not beyond that. The land was not good for agriculture, and Jews were in poverty.
- Tsar Alexander III started many pogroms against the Jews
- So the Jews moved to Europe, and the people hated it.
- Arthur Balfour headed the Aliens Act 1905, limiting Jewish immigration
- He didn't want Britain to become the dumping ground for the scum of Europe
Slowdown of Antisemitism
- Protestant Reformation
- Rise of capitalism in England in the 19th century without a notable Jewish presence reduced the blame on Jews
- Antisemitism was lower, in addition to US and Britain, in English speaking countries such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa due to cultural acceptance. The Quebec region of Canada still had higher levels of antisemitism because they are French, and has a long history of Catholic hostility.
Europe has blamed the Jews for an encyclopedia of sins.
- The Church blamed the Jews for killing Jesus;
- Voltaire blamed the Jews for inventing Christianity.
- Jews were usurers and well-poisoners and spreaders of disease
- Jews were the creators of both communism and capitalism;
- they were clannish but also cosmopolitan;
- cowardly and warmongering;
- self-righteous moralists and defilers of culture.
Ideologues and demagogues of many permutations have understood the Jews to be a singularly malevolent force standing between the world and its perfection.
US: A western stranger nation, who merely adopted Christianity from the Spaniards, but are more capitalist
Jews: A persecuted identity, who were forced to develop capitalism as the only means of survival
Arabs: A community close to the Jews, where Islam originated
Christians: A community of historic Jews who were convinced that Jesus was their Messiah, and went on converting everyone to accept Jesus Christ as god in human form
Indians:
All Christian institutions in India are funded by the imperial British.
Britain established Christian missionaries, schools and hospitals in India with better services.
These private hospitals could've shared their profits to help bring up the standards of other government hospitals, but they chose not to.
UK also funds India a lot as business investments.About Christians:
My dad told me how he knew a Christian who would always go to the Church and confess his misdeeds every weekend. But after the confession, he would feel cleared of his sins, and he'd think to himself that now he's earned the right to sin again for the weekend.I used to think that Christians would only not refrain from sinning because they could always confess, but I never thought that they would sin routinely just because they just earned the right to sin. Again, this is a misuse of Christianity, because it is said that a true believer of Christ would at least feel the need to turn away from his sins. But you know, people can be mentally ill, such as having ADHD.
I'm not sure if I'm missing some context here, such as if the sins are just human nature, as I'd say, about how religions are fundamentally restrictive of human nature, and in that sense, Christianity does help it in a slight sense. Because there is still the guilt of being a sinner for one's entire life.
- The Rise of Jewish Capitalism under Catholic Persecution
- Edict of Expulsion 1290
- This is the image Bassem showed Piers, I got this from Wikipedia after jumping around from Aliens Act 1905
- The First Crusade and the murder of 2000 Jews, instead of Muslims
- Saladin was important only in the Third Crusade
- The Jewish Problem
- The Jewish Question 1750
- A neutral term first used in Great Britain
- Marx said that Jews are the embodiment of capitalism, which was correct, as that's how they had come to be under persecution. He however also questioned if they could be politically emancipated. His idea was that Judaism is so closely connected with capitalism, so without dropping that identity, society would never be free from capitalism.
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Karl Marx, 1843, On The Jewish Question, argued that Judaism is not only a religion, because it is an attitude of alienation from the world resulting from the ownership of money and private property, and this feeling of alienation is not exclusive to the Jews. Rather than forcibly converting Jews to Christianity, he proposed the implementation of a program of anti-Capitalism, in order to liberate the world from Judaism, thus defined. By framing his revolutionary economic and political project as the liberation of the world from Judaism, Marx expressed a "messianic desire" that was itself "quite Christian," according to David Nirenberg.
- The Aliens Act 1905
- Balfour Declaration and Antisemitism
- 1933 Nazi Germany
- The Jewish Question in Nazi Germany was about the belief that Jews posed a problem to the state of Germany
- They discussed the solutions to move the Jews out, to resettle them in Uganda or Madagascar
- Moving them to Mandatory Palestine would cause humanitarian and political problems for the region
- When Hitler came to power, he started implementing laws to remove the Jews from Germany, and all of Europe
- 1935 Nuremberg Laws
- 1938 Kristallnacht pogrom
- Jews were moved to concentration camps
- "The Final Solution to the Jewish Question": 1941-45 Holocaust
- The Jews moved to America, but a lot of them were pushed from there and finally they all went to Palestine.